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长城“最隐秘的暗门”现身******

  本报记者 韩梅

  近日,天津大学建筑学院教授张玉坤团队宣布,河北省秦皇岛市明长城段发现一处突门实物遗存。作为长城暗门家族中最隐秘的一员,突门生动地传承着中国古代长城建筑、军事以及文化智慧。

  首次构建暗门“家族图谱”

  “近几年,我们在明长城全线调研中首次构建了暗门的‘家族图谱’,并发现了其中最隐秘的类型——突门。”团队成员、天津大学建筑学院特聘研究员、博士生导师李哲介绍,发现突门的长城段位于秦皇岛附近,是2000多年前史书有关突门记载的首次实物发现。

  突门作为一种古代防御设施,早在2000多年前的春秋战国时期就有类似设施的记载,《墨子·备突》篇中对突门做了专门的著述,暗门(突门)“藏于九地之下为暗,动于九天之上为突”。此后,唐、宋、明,甚至清代学者都有记述,但现代相关研究论文却寥寥无几,一直没有发现对应的实物。突门是所有暗门中最为秘密的出口,外面用一层砖砌上,从外面看和城墙一样,让敌人无法分辨。突门没有被击破的时候,完全是隐蔽状态,打仗时一旦需要出兵制敌,里面的士兵可以迅速击碎表层墙,就跟鸡蛋破壳一样,士兵破墙而出,侧面夹击敌人,甚至可以把火炮从突门推出来击退敌人。

  已确认明长城有220处暗门遗存

  长城的门洞就其规模而言,可以分为三类,其中较大型的是“关”,属于古代连通塞外与内地的重要地理门户,一般设有重兵屯集防守,如居庸关、黄崖关等;中等是“口”(边口),如慕田峪口、张家口等;最小的即为“暗门”。所谓“暗门”,顾名思义,就是伪装隐藏起来、不公开的门。其所以设置乃是攻防需要。“由于历史的原因,长城上的暗门遗存较少,且散落暗处,不为人知,甚至被忽视和误解。”李哲说。

  团队2003年启动对长城的研究,2004年起开始将无人机低空信息采集技术应用其中。2018年年底启动长城全线实景三维图像采集工程。4年多来,跨越10省区对明长城全线进行无盲区数字化测绘,用无人机拍摄的200余万张照片,制作完成平均厘米级精准的三维数据库,终于将明长城内外构造清晰明了地呈现在世人眼前。

  暗门洞口一般宽0.6至1.6米,高1.5至2.5米,其中最窄的仅容单人、最宽的可通马匹对行;从结构上,暗门可分为石或木质过梁式和砖或石质拱券式。

  时至今日,暗门实物遗存已甄别130余处,其中绝大多数为砖石遗址,集中分布于京津冀晋的蓟镇、真保镇、宣府镇、大同镇等区段。陕甘宁青明长城因夯土结构不易保存,目前仅发现2处暗门;此外依靠古代舆图整理出西部段41处暗门。许多暗门没有专属名称及门匾装饰,在已确认的220处暗门遗存中约一半属于此类。

  封锁下的隐秘通道

  “长城暗门(突门)的发现和挖掘,说明长城除了作为防御入侵的‘边墙’,还有另外一个身份——封锁下的隐秘通道,体现了中国古代朴素辩证的思维方式和深厚博大的规划思想,突门的发现和挖掘使得墨子时代的军事智慧有了实物传承。”张玉坤接受记者采访时说。

  “暗门为人们开启了积极防御的新认知,打破了以往视长城为保守、封闭性象征的认识局限。”张玉坤说,沿着长城广泛分布、功能丰富、式样完备的暗门家族及其背后的巧思设计表明,即使是在宏大繁巨的军事工程体系建设中,古代中国人仍然执着于对政治局势、战争规律、防卫环境的细致把握,并将其贯彻于精密的工程设计之中,展现出惊人的统筹能力和严谨的实干精神。

  长城国家文化公园建设对长城文化景观资源的挖掘与阐释、利用的深度与广度提出了更高的要求。团队对暗门功能、类型、分布的深入分析有助于原真性解读长城各类设施及整个防御体系的建设意图和运作机制,从整体视角撬动一系列新的遗址价值认知,引领长城文化景观资源的深度挖掘。

  暗门看似细枝末节,但却能够牵引出多层次的长城历史认知。这说明无论是长城文保管理还是文化园建设,应保持对遗址细节的敬畏,立足于对长城遗存进行全面系统观察研究。

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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